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Introduction
The multistep process of developing and implementing an information system is referred to as the System Development Life Cycle. There are various SDLC models with each consisting of a series of defined phases or steps. This paper discusses two types of System Life Cycle Models: Seven steps model and the spiral model.

Seven step model
Planning
The objectives and requirements of the project are determined at the planning step. An estimation of resources including costs and personnel is also made in relation to the proposed project. The available information is analyzed, and alternative solutions are considered. When the most viable alternative is arrived at, the information is put together into a project plan. (Jeremy, 2008)

System Analysis
The end user requirements are determined at this phase. The project team determines the end-user requirements with the assistance of customer focus groups, which present their needs and expectations on the system and how it will perform. The needs and requirements are documented in this phase. (Jeremy, 2008)

System design
The design step is the architectural phase of system development. Charts are used to show the flow of data processing, and the project team establishes the most logical design. The operations and functions of the system under development are described in detail during this phase. Reviews on the design are also conducted to ensure the design addresses efficiency, practicality, cost, security, and flexibility. (Jeremy, 2008)

System development
During the system development phase, the system developers execute the requirements of the design step. Actual user interface screens and database are designed by the developers, the code for the data flow process are also generated in this phase. The system development phase entails the conversion of the detailed design into a finished product. (Jeremy, 2008)

Testing phase
The testing phase involves the testing of all aspects of the system for performance and functionality. The whole system is tested for integration with other products and other previous versions with which it requires interacting. Fundamentally, the main purpose of the testing step is to validate that the system includes all the end user requirements reflected in the analysis step. Additionally, the testing phase also ensures that all the functions are accurately functioning; that the system is aligned to the standards of the business and the end users and that the system works with all other systems including the previous systems. (Jeremy, 2008)

Implementation Phase
The implementation phase entails the deployment and installation of the system in end user’s premises, ready to become running. End user training may be required to ensure that they can effectively use the system. The length of implementation is dependent on the complexity of the system.

Maintenance Phase
The maintenance phase is carried out on a periodic basis to ensure that the system does not become obsolete. Maintenance involves continuous evaluation of system’s performance. It also entails providing latest updates for particular system components to ensure that it meets the right standards. (Jeremy, 2008)

Spiral model
The Spiral Lifecycle model is comparable to the Incremental model except that it incorporates a risk analysis process. A project passes through four phases repeatedly in sequence in spirals. Critical requirements are identified for the first spiral at the start of the process while the Subsequent spirals add functionality to the baseline spiral. (University of Maryland, 2007)

Planning Phase
The business clearly defines its high-level requirements and project goals during this phase. The need and purpose of the system are also established and documented during this step. Key rules are also identified here in the initiation phase. The planning phase entails defining timelines, resources and other project related information. Interviews are conducted to help in developing a comprehensive system that fits users’ requirements. (University of Maryland, 2007)

Risk Analysis
The risk analysis step is fundamental to assess both management and technical risks associated with the project. Risks are identified, and alternative solutions are developed to address factors that may deter the successful completion of the system. (Shelly & Harry, 2009)

Engineering step
A representation of the system is built at this phase. A prototype is tested against the risk evaluated based on the expectations of the end users. The prototype is refined and rectified until end user expectations are achieved.

Evaluation
The final system is thoroughly evaluated during this step. End user feedback is required on which to base the evaluation.

The figure shows spiral model representing four phases; planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation. The radius component represents the project cost while the angular component represents the progress in the current spiral.

Comparing the two models
Spiral Life Cycle Model represents a very flexible system lifecycle model. The seven step model is a rigid life cycle model system on the other hand. The project manager in a spiral model can determine the development phases according to the complexity of the project. The spiral model is transparent as Project monitoring is very effective and easy given that each phase and each loop is reviewed by concerned people. The seven step model does not allow much interaction with the end users during its development. This makes it less transparent. Gary (Shelly & Harry, 2009)

The spiral model is more attractive compared to the seven step model as Risk Management is an inbuilt feature of the model. In a spiral model, alterations can easily be introduced later in the life cycle. Coping with such changes isn’t a difficult task for a spiral model project manager. The introduction of changes in the seven step model presents a difficulty.

Spiral models are appropriate for high-risk projects, where business requirements may be unstable. They are not suitable for low-risk projects. Seven step models suit low-risk projects where projects are not exposed to high risks to warrant detailed risk analysis.

Spiral Model usually involves high cost compared to the seven step model. Seven step models are cheaper since risk analysis is not fundamental to the development process. They do not also require expertise to carry out these steps. (Valacich et al, 2015)

Protocols and Rules need to be followed properly to successfully implement the spiral model. The factor makes it tough as they should be followed throughout the span of the project. Seven step model is easy to develop rules, and protocols are not detailed or complex. In the spiral model, using the same prototype in future presents a difficulty as a result of various customizations allowed from the client.

In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, organizations are constantly seeking innovative ways to enhance their training programs and empower their workforce. Outsourcing e-learning content development has emerged as a strategic approach to address the evolving needs of training and development. This article explores the benefits, considerations, and best practices associated with outsourcing e-learning content development, highlighting why it’s a winning strategy for organizations worldwide.

The Benefits of Outsourcing E-learning Content Development
Access to Specialized Expertise: E-learning content development requires a diverse skill set encompassing instructional design, multimedia production, and technology integration. By outsourcing to specialized vendors or freelancers, organizations gain access to a pool of experts with the necessary skills and experience to create engaging and effective e-learning content.
Cost Efficiency: Outsourcing e-learning content development can result in significant cost savings compared to maintaining an in-house team. Organizations can avoid the overhead costs associated with hiring, training, and retaining employees, as well as investments in technology and infrastructure.
Faster Time to Market: Professional e-learning vendors have streamlined processes and resources dedicated to rapid content development. Outsourcing allows organizations to accelerate the creation and deployment of training materials, reducing time to market and enabling quicker adoption of new technologies and processes.
Scalability and Flexibility: Outsourcing provides organizations with the flexibility to scale their e-learning initiatives according to changing business needs and fluctuating demand. Whether scaling up to accommodate a growing workforce or launching specialized courses for niche audiences, outsourcing offers scalability without the constraints of internal resources.
Quality Assurance: Reputable e-learning vendors adhere to industry best practices and quality standards, ensuring the delivery of high-quality and effective training materials. Outsourcing partners conduct rigorous testing and evaluation to identify and address any issues or inconsistencies, guaranteeing that the e-learning content meets the intended learning objectives.
Considerations for Outsourcing E-learning Content Development
Alignment with Organizational Goals: Before outsourcing e-learning content development, organizations should ensure that the vendor’s capabilities align with their training objectives, culture, and strategic goals. Clear communication and collaboration are essential to ensure that the outsourced content meets the organization’s specific needs and requirements.
Intellectual Property and Confidentiality: Organizations must establish clear agreements regarding intellectual property rights and confidentiality with outsourcing partners. Confidentiality agreements and non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) help protect sensitive information and proprietary content from unauthorized use or disclosure.
Communication and Collaboration: Effective communication and collaboration are essential for successful outsourcing relationships. Organizations should establish regular communication channels and checkpoints to ensure alignment on project goals, timelines, and deliverables.
Quality Assurance and Feedback: Organizations should actively engage in quality assurance processes and provide timely feedback to outsourcing partners throughout the content development lifecycle. Regular review cycles and feedback sessions help identify any issues or areas for improvement early on, ensuring the delivery of high-quality content

Best Practices for Outsourcing E-learning Content Development
Define Clear Requirements: Clearly define the scope, objectives, and requirements of the e-learning project before engaging outsourcing partners. Provide detailed guidelines, specifications, and examples to ensure mutual understanding and alignment.
Select the Right Partner: Choose outsourcing partners with proven expertise, experience, and a track record of delivering high-quality e-learning content. Conduct thorough due diligence, including portfolio reviews, client references, and performance evaluations, to select the right partner for your organization’s needs.
Establish Clear Communication Channels: Establish open and transparent communication channels with outsourcing partners to facilitate collaboration and feedback. Regular progress updates, milestone reviews, and feedback sessions help ensure that the project stays on track and meets expectations.
Monitor Progress and Performance: Monitor the progress and performance of outsourcing partners throughout the content development process. Track key performance indicators (KPIs), such as project timelines, budget adherence, and quality metrics, to identify any issues or deviations early on and take corrective action as needed.
Continuous Improvement: Foster a culture of continuous improvement by soliciting feedback from stakeholders and outsourcing partners. Use lessons learned from each project to refine processes, optimize workflows, and enhance the effectiveness of future outsourcing initiatives.

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